太阳能光伏发电：从屋顶到沙漠的占领

目前全球能源结构正在发生着微妙的变化。因此，寻求更加安全、清洁、经济的能源，已经成为世界各国的共同追求。我们的近邻日本和韩国，在这方面也在积极探索。

众所周知，日本能源严重依赖进口，因此从上世纪90年代起，日本就开始发展太阳能，目前已经是世界第二大太阳能光伏市场。为了推动太阳能光伏发电的发展，2012年日本政府推出以每度42日元（约合人民币2.5元）补贴制度，吸引了除传统太阳能企业以外的制造、金融、建筑业公司纷纷加入，大笔投资建站。

英利日本分公司董事长水田昌纪：我们公司去年的销售额是前年几百倍的规模，今年仅上半年就售出了比去年一年还多的太阳能电池板，可以说现在（太阳能发电）势头相当高。

日本大学商学院教授李克：日本政府目前可以说在全球是（补贴价格）提的最高的，比第二名的加拿大还高出很多，加拿大大概是33到34日元。（每度）42日元的并网入电价格就使得企业做这个事情是有利可图的。

除了建立大规模的太阳能电站，日本政府也鼓励家庭建立小型太阳能发电站，对家庭太阳能光伏电站的补贴最高为100万日元。此外，东京都政府还投入5000万日元推出太阳能潜力地图系统，输入自家的住址，就能了解屋顶安装太阳能后的发电量等数据。

东京都地域能源推进科负责人弦卷俊一：东京都内的太阳能发电装机总容量已经达到26万千瓦。除了补贴金之外，我们希望通过这个系统让大家都看看（自己的屋顶）能否利用太阳能，进一步推动（太阳能发电）的普及。

韩国为了鼓励太阳能发电的发展，在很多方面都对太阳能发电企业予以优惠和补贴。在建设太阳能发电站时，企业可获得最高100亿韩元的政策贷款，10年期利率仅为1.75%。税收方面，每年还可减免3%-10%的法人税。韩国电力公社按照市场基准价格每度电135韩元收购全部电量。对于不占用耕地的太阳能发电企业，政府还提供政策性加价。以一个发电容量为100千瓦的太阳能发电站为例，发电企业可按照基准价格获得韩国电力公社1626万韩元的收入，政策性加价可获得2439万韩元的收入，共计收入4065万韩元。

（株）韩国奥瑟亚太阳光事业部常务姜學志：为了防止农用地流失，如果太阳能电站是利用了田地，加价比例仅为就是70%，但是属于对空间的再次有效利用，或者利用屋顶空间的话，加价比例可以达到1.5倍。

另外，韩国普通居民住宅安装太阳能发电设备也可以获得政府的各类政策扶持。以首尔市为例，居民住宅如果安装太阳能发电系统，最高可获得280万韩元（约合人民币1万6千元）的补贴。目前首尔市内共有3700多户居民安装了太阳能设备，其中近两年来新建的设备就占到67%。

首尔市厅绿色能源科组长李在成：今年我们推出了可在楼房里安装的250瓦以下的迷你型太阳能计划，首先在8千户居民家中进行试点，今年的预算为24亿韩元，明年起，每年至少新增1万户，至少要保证5万户。

At present, the global energy structure is undergoing subtle changes.  Therefore, the pursuit of safer, cleaner and more economical energy has become the common pursuit of all countries in the world.  Our close neighbors, Japan and the ROK, are also actively exploring in this regard.  

 

 

 

Japan is known to rely heavily on imported energy, so since the 1990s, Japan began to develop solar energy, and is now the world's second largest solar photovoltaic market.   In order to promote the development of solar photovoltaic power generation, the Japanese government introduced a subsidy system of 42 yen (about 2.5 yuan) per kilowatt hour in 2012, which attracted manufacturing, finance and construction companies except traditional solar companies to join in and invest heavily in building stations.  

 

 

 

Masaki Mizuda, chairman of Yingli Japan: Our sales volume last year was hundreds of times that of the year before. In the first half of this year alone, we sold more solar panels than last year. We can say that the momentum is quite high right now.  

 

 

 

Nihon UNIVERSITY BUSINESS SCHOOL PROFESSOR LEE: THE Japanese government is now arguably the world's highest (subsidy price), much higher than the second place Canada, which is about 33 to 34 yen.   The grid-connected price of 42 yen makes it profitable for companies to do so.  

 

 

 

In addition to building large-scale solar power plants, the Japanese government is also encouraging households to build small solar power plants, with subsidies of up to 1 million yen for household solar photovoltaic plants.   In addition, the Tokyo Metropolitan government has invested 50 million yen to launch a solar energy potential map system, which allows users to input their home addresses to obtain data such as the amount of electricity generated by installing solar energy on their roofs.  

 

 

 

The total installed solar power capacity in Tokyo has reached 260,000 kilowatts, said Junichi Sanomaki, head of Tokyo's regional Energy Promotion Division.   In addition to the subsidies, we hope to use this system to get people to see if they can use solar energy and further promote adoption.  

 

 

 

In order to encourage the development of solar power generation, South Korea has given preferential treatment and subsidies to solar power enterprises in many aspects.   When building solar power plants, companies can get up to 10 billion won in policy loans with a 10-year interest rate of 1.75 percent.  In terms of taxes, corporate taxes will be reduced by 3 to 10 percent per year.   The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) bought all the electricity at 135 won per KWH.  For solar power companies that do not occupy farmland, the government also provides a policy markup.  For a solar power plant with a capacity of 100 kilowatts, the power generation company can receive 16.26 million won from the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) based on the base price, and 24.39 million won from the policy markup, making a total of 40.65 million won.  

 

 

 

Kang Hak-ji, executive director of the Asia Pacific Sunshine Business Division of Orser Korea, said, To prevent the loss of agricultural land, the price increase is only 70 percent if the solar power plant uses land. However, if it is a reuse of space or rooftop space, the price increase can be 1.5 times.  

 

 

 

In addition, South Korea's ordinary residential installation of solar power equipment can also get various kinds of government policy support.  The Seoul Metropolitan government, for example, provides a subsidy of up to 2.8 million won (about 16,000 yuan) for installing a solar power system in a residential building.  More than 3,700 households in Seoul have solar installations, 67 percent of which have been built in the past two years.  

 

 

 

Lee Jae-seong, head of the green energy department at the Seoul Metropolitan Office, said, This year, we will launch a mini solar system of less than 250 watts that can be installed in buildings. We will pilot it in 8,000 households. The budget for this year is 2.4 billion won.