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如果说火爆的储能行业堪比新能源赛道上的皇冠，那么工商业储能就是皇冠上的明珠。
提及储能，人们习惯更多地关注源网侧储能电站（大储）身上，探讨发电侧配储、利用率、共享储能模式等话题，但其实在国内，从收入模式和耦合性上考量，工商业储能的增长潜力和市场机会，要远比大储、户储更为诱人。
目前，大储占了国内储能市场近90%的份额，其中共享储能约20%左右，剩下10%的蛋糕是用户侧储能，包括工商业储能、户储。国外则完全不一样，海外市场则以用户侧储能为主，尤其是在美国、德国、意大利等国家。2022年，欧洲户储增速高达71%，新增装机3.9GWh，德国、意大利、英国、奥地利位列前四位。特别是德国户用光伏的配储率高达70%，位居全球第一。
这也不意外，高电价国家，或者电网设施薄弱的地区，户用储能往往发展较快。显然，中国居民生活用电价格较低，并没完全执行分时电价政策，且电能稳定性较高，限制了户储市场的发展空间。
在中国，工商业反哺居民生活用电，一直心照不宣，居民生活用电低价的“雷打不动”是靠工商业用电的“弹性”来保障的，包括输配电成本、运行费用等，均由工商业分摊。这意味着工商业用电的分时电价政策、峰谷价差会更为剧烈地变化，由工商业分摊风光新能源并网所带来的更高的运行费、损益费。
于是，工商业储能的商业逻辑越来越“硬核”。
同为储能，工商业大不同
随着中国各地峰谷价差进一步拉大，叠加锂电池成本下降，工商业储能IRR(内部收益率)稳步提升，经济性越来越明显。工商业储能成为储能赛道中增速最快的分支。
表面看，储能系统都是由电池、PCS变流器、BMS、EMS及其他电气电路和保护、监控系统、消防等几大部分组成，但实际上，源网侧储能与工商业储能在系统侧重、商业逻辑、收入模式方面存在着很大区别。
工商业储能的集成度更强，会采用储能一体柜的形态，而非大储的集装箱。工商业储能的容量相对要小一些，因为更多地是满足企业用户光伏自发自用、降低用电成本，基本不参与电网调度，所以对系统控制的要求远低于源网侧储能。
比如电池方面，工商业储能不要求响应速度，更看重成本、循环充放电次数，所以通常为能量型电池，而非功率型的动力电池，后者需要参与调频、紧急备用等电力辅助服务，响应时间的要求更高。能量型电池更为持久，不需要太高的倍率，一般为2C左右，更像是马拉松选手，而功率型电池就如短跑，需要的是爆发力。在电池管理精细度方面，工商业储能电池系统不需要过于复杂、分层分级的管理策略，甚至部分PCS兼具BMS的功能。
再来看PCS（储能变流器），工商业储能PCS的功能要简单得多，更容易与电池系统一体化集成，适用于锂电池、LEP等串并联需求，单向充放电，对分布式光伏逆变器的适配性和耦合性更强。大储的PCS还要具备一次调频、功率快速响应能力，用于电网支撑功能。从个头上看，工商业储能PCS更小巧。
EMS（能量管理系统）也是同样的道理，工商业储能的能量管理系统属于基础版，侧重于局域网的本地能量管理，而大储则需要具备电网调度接口，支持多种通信规约，满足源网荷储等多能互补的能量管理和监控。
从收入来源上看，新能源配储更多依赖于平滑并网，减少弃风弃光，很少参与辅助服务；独立储能电站（含共享储能）的收入方式更为多元，包括容量租赁、电力辅助服务、峰谷差套利、容量补偿等。相比，工商业储能的价值更加多维。
从应用场景、收入模式上看，工商业储能可以单独配置储能，也可以光储一体，甚至与微电网耦合在一起，收入来源上也有很多：
比如峰谷价差套利，在电价谷时充电，峰时或尖峰时向电网放电获利，度电收益达到0.7元/Kwh，降低用电成本；提高光伏发电的自发自用率，在光伏大发时，暂时将电能储存在电池中，光伏发电不足时，电池中的电能释放出来供负荷使用；此外，需量管理也是工商业储能的一项关键调整能力，变压器容量在315千伏安及以上的大工业用电采用两部制电价，即电量电价+容量电价，前者是刚性的，但配备储能的话，容量或需量就能降下来，压缩容量电价成本；此外，工商业储能也会涉及到部分电力现货市场、电力辅助服务，但通常较少。
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利好刺激，工商业储能起飞
源网侧储能基本上是大块头的生意，容量大，投资额大，更多的是电网公司、发电企业的五大四小的少数派游戏，而且是典型的买方市场，变现渠道主要是电力辅助服务，提供备用、调峰调频、爬坡、转动惯量、黑启动等服务。
从政策红利和友好度来衡量，近年来，工商业储能的利好刺激显然要强于大储，主要是分时电价政策的推进，峰谷价差的继续拉大。
2023年上半年，广东、浙江、江苏等在内多地，密集调整工商业分时电价，同时马上入夏，再次面临去年高温限电、损益电价分摊给工商业带来的用电成本飞涨，分布式光伏、工商业储能的装机需求进一步增强。以2023年第一季度为例，分布式光伏安装18.13GW，其中工商业占了半壁江山，江苏、浙江排在前两位。
而且，这一轮分时电价调整，重点是峰值时段和尖峰电价的调整，进一步优化了峰值时段划分，像四川上午峰值时段增至2小时，让工商业储能可以做到两充两放，提升了储能投资的经济性；其次是尖峰电价的上涨，如江苏、四川、北京的尖峰电价设置为高峰电价基础上浮20%，进一步拉大了峰谷价差，储能收益相应增加。
此外，工商业的分布式光伏与储能的组合还有“天时地利”之和。在全天时段中，中午太阳能辐射强度高，光伏发电出力大，但这个时段电价较低，越是光伏装机量大的地区，中午电价越低，电力现货市场更如此。这时就需要配置一定容量的储能，午间存储大发的光伏发电量，将电能搬移到下午的高峰或尖峰时段，既消纳了光伏发电，又能赚取更高的差价收益，或者在尖峰段降低用电成本。
能链研究院进行了简单测算，以浙江10MW/20MWH规模的工商业储能项目为例，在一充一放、原有分时电价机制下，储能的投资回收周期在8年以上，经济性一般，因此投资意愿低。但在新的分时电价机制下，按国网浙江发布的2023年6月代理工商业用户购电价格核算，尖峰电价1.71元/度，高峰电价1.43元/度，低谷电价0.46元/度，峰谷最大价差1.25元，4-5年就能回收成本。
如果是单一的峰谷价差套利的工商业储能项目，LCOE成本是一道生死线，0.7元/度的峰谷价差，IRR能达到9.82%，这个时候，投资储能是具备可操作性的。
可以预见，随着分时电价政策在各省市的推进，工商业储能进入正向盈利的省份地区越来越多，这必将刺激市场端更多储能项目投建的积极性，工商业储能将成为国内企业实现紧急备电、维持正常经营、降低电费支出的重要手段。
融合性高，想象空间巨大
而且工商业储能以上收益测算并未考虑到补贴收益，目前，无论是税收、市场准入等，各地都在鼓励工商业用户建设储能电站，这些政策在一定程度上降低了储能总体的投资和运营成本。
目前，全国正在实施的补贴政策多达30项，向用户侧且注重分布式光伏耦合的项目倾斜，补贴方式包括容量补贴、放电补贴、投资补贴。比如合肥对1MW以上的项目按放电量给予0.3元/Kwh的补贴，连续补贴2年；深圳鼓励数据中心、5G基站、充电设施、工业园区等布局储能，按实际放电量0.2元/Kwh补贴；江苏无锡则按容量补贴，直接按装机量给一次性0.1元/W，浙江多地的容量补贴则按0.2元/W、0.18元/W逐级退坡。
不仅仅有额外补贴收益，工商业储能被持续看好，还在于其具有更好的耦合性和融合性，不仅仅是单一配置储能的场景。工商业储能的商业模式更具延展性，可以与光伏分布式发电、微电网、能源管理、充电桩及充电站、虚拟电厂等新型能源消费形式融合在一起，带来更多元的收入模式，就具备了更大的想象空间。
相比大储，工商业的应用场景更为丰富，可广泛应用在工业厂房、商业楼宇、园区、数据中心、基站、电动汽车充电站、矿区/油田等场景。其中，在社会用电量中占比越来越高的EV充电站对配置储能的刚性需求越来越大。
能链研究院预计，2030年电动汽车公用充电量在社会用电量中的占比将翻24倍，从2022年的0.16%增至4%。2025年，全国充电站配建储能规模将达到23GW，投资规模近千亿元。2030年，这一数字将增至243GW，投资规模超过8700亿元。2023-2030年的CAGR达64%。未来，光储充将成为充电站的标配。
工业用电约占到全社会用电量的66%，即便未来20%的厂房、园区等配套储能，整个工商业储能的容量将会是数万亿的市场。
如潜龙在渊，蓄势待发，工商业储能正成为储能赛道中最具潜力的分支，也吸引了各路力量的参与。
从工商业企业用户、分布式能源投资商到虚拟电厂、充电桩投资及充电服务商、售电公司等均跃跃欲试，开始投资工商业储能项目。
比如新能源服务商能链智电（NASDAQ：NAAS）与储能系统集成商和服务提供商海博思创成立合资公司能链海博，还战略投资了工商业储能创新企业乐驾（后更名为乐创），就在于能形成用户侧的充电服务、储能、光伏、虚拟电厂一体化解决方案，既能峰谷价差套利，降低充电站用电成本，又能进入电力交易市场，参与需求侧响应。
着眼更长远的未来，工商业储能一定是比拼融合性、智能化水平，单一形态的会越来越少。如何在复杂、多目标、高度集成的系统上进行智能化调节和运营，最终取得最高的效率、最大的收益，技术与商业模式上的创新是一道分水岭，也会是终极玩家们追求的目标。
This is not surprising. In countries with high electricity prices or areas with weak power grid facilities, household energy storage often develops rapidly. Obviously, the domestic electricity prices of Chinese residents are relatively low, and the time
of use electricity price policy has not been fully implemented, and the stability of electricity is high, which limits the development space of the household storage market.
In China, industry and commerce have been secretly supporting residents'
electricity consumption. The low price of electricity consumption for residents is guaranteed by the "elasticity" of industry and commerce, including transmission and distribution costs, operating expenses, etc., which are shared by industry and commerce.
This means that the time of use electricity price policy and peak valley price difference for industrial and commercial electricity will undergo more drastic changes, and the higher operating and profit and loss costs brought by the grid connection
of wind and solar new energy will be shared by industry and commerce.
As a result, the business logic of energy storage in the industrial and commercial sector is becoming increasingly "hardcore".
Both for energy storage, industry and
commerce are vastly different
As the price difference between peak and valley prices in various parts of China further widens, coupled with a decrease in lithium battery costs, the internal rate of return (IRR) of industrial and commercial energy
storage has steadily increased, and the economy is becoming increasingly evident. Industrial and commercial energy storage has become the fastest growing branch of the energy storage track.
On the surface, energy storage systems are composed
of batteries, PCS converters, BMS, EMS, and other electrical circuits, as well as protection, monitoring systems, fire protection, etc. However, in reality, there are significant differences in system focus, business logic, and revenue models between
source network side energy storage and industrial and commercial energy storage.
The integration of industrial and commercial energy storage is stronger, and the form of energy storage integrated cabinets will be adopted instead of large storage
containers. The capacity of industrial and commercial energy storage is relatively smaller because it mainly meets the spontaneous use of photovoltaic energy by enterprise users, reduces electricity costs, and does not participate in grid scheduling.
Therefore, the requirements for system control are far lower than those for energy storage on the source network side.
For example, in terms of batteries, industrial and commercial energy storage does not require response speed, but rather focuses
on cost and cycle charging and discharging times. Therefore, they are usually energy type batteries rather than power type power batteries, which require participation in power auxiliary services such as frequency regulation and emergency backup,
with higher requirements for response time. Energy based batteries are more durable and do not require too high magnification, usually around 2C, making them more like marathon runners, while power based batteries, like sprints, require explosive
power. In terms of battery management precision, industrial and commercial energy storage battery systems do not require overly complex and hierarchical management strategies, and some PCS even have the functions of BMS.
Then look at PCS (energy
storage converter). The function of industrial and commercial energy storage PCS is much simpler, and it is easier to integrate with the battery system. It is suitable for the series parallel connection requirements of lithium batteries, LEPs, and
so on. It is unidirectional charging and discharging, and has stronger adaptability and coupling to distributed Solar inverter. The PCS of Dashu also needs to have primary frequency regulation and fast power response capabilities for power grid support
functions. Overall, the industrial and commercial energy storage PCS are smaller and more compact.
The same applies to EMS (Energy Management System). The energy management system for industrial and commercial energy storage belongs to the basic
version, focusing on local energy management in the local area network, while the large storage needs to have a power grid scheduling interface, support multiple communication protocols, and meet the complementary energy management and monitoring
of source network load storage.
From the perspective of income sources, new energy distribution and storage rely more on smooth grid connection, reducing
Positive stimulus, industrial and commercial energy storage taking off
The
energy storage at the source network side is basically a large business, with large capacity and large investment. It is more a minority game of five major and four small power grid companies and power generation enterprises, and it is a typical buyer's
market. The realization channel is mainly auxiliary power services, providing backup, peak shaving, frequency modulation, climbing, Moment of inertia, black start and other services.
From the perspective of policy dividends and friendliness, in recent years, the positive incentives for industrial and commercial energy storage have clearly been stronger than those for large-scale storage, mainly due to the promotion of the
time of use electricity price policy and the continued widening of peak valley price differences.
In the first half of 2023, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and other regions, including China, have intensively adjusted the time-of-use electricity
prices for industry and commerce. At the same time, as summer approaches, they are once again facing the skyrocketing electricity costs caused by last year's high temperature power restrictions and profit and loss electricity price sharing. The installation
demand for distributed photovoltaic and industrial and commercial energy storage has further increased. Taking the first quarter of 2023 as an example, 18.13 GW of distributed photovoltaic installations were installed, with industry and commerce accounting
for half of the total, while Jiangsu and Zhejiang ranked in the top two.
Moreover, this round of time of use electricity price adjustment focuses on the adjustment of peak and peak electricity prices, further optimizing the division of peak
periods, such as increasing the peak period in Sichuan to 2 hours in the morning, allowing industrial and commercial energy storage to achieve two charging and two discharging, improving the economy of energy storage investment; Secondly, there has
been an increase in peak electricity prices. For example, the peak electricity prices in Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Beijing have been set at a 20% increase in peak electricity prices, further widening the peak valley price gap and correspondingly increasing
energy storage profits.
In addition, the combination of distributed photovoltaics and energy storage in industry and commerce also has a combination of "favorable timing and location". In the whole day period, the Radiant intensity intensity of solar energy is high
at noon and the output of photovoltaic power generation is large, but the electricity price is low in this period. The more photovoltaic installed capacity is, the lower the electricity price is at noon, especially in the Spot market. At this point,
it is necessary to configure a certain capacity of energy storage to store the large amount of photovoltaic power generated during the afternoon, and move the energy to the peak or peak period in the afternoon. This not only absorbs photovoltaic power
generation, but also earns higher price difference profits, or reduces electricity costs during peak periods.
The Energy Chain Research Institute conducted a simple calculation, taking the industrial and commercial energy storage project with
a scale of 10MW/20MWH in Zhejiang as an example. Under the original time of use electricity price mechanism of one charging and one discharging, the investment recovery period of energy storage is more than 8 years, and the economy is average. Therefore,
the investment intention is low. However, under the new time of use electricity pricing mechanism, according to the June 2023 purchasing price calculation for industrial and commercial users released by State Grid Zhejiang, the peak electricity price
is 1.71 yuan/kWh, the peak electricity price is 1.43 yuan/kWh, the low valley electricity price is 0.46 yuan/kWh, and the maximum price difference between peak and valley is 1.25 yuan. The cost can be recovered within 4-5 years.
If it is a single
peak valley price difference arbitrage industrial and commercial energy storage project, the LCOE cost is a lifeline. With a peak valley price difference of 0.7 yuan/degree, the IRR can reach 9.82%. At this time, investing in energy storage is feasible.
It can be foreseen that with the promotion of the time of use electricity price policy in various provinces and cities, more and more industrial and commercial energy storage will enter provinces and regions with positive profits, which will stimulate
the enthusiasm of more energy storage projects in the market. Industrial and commercial energy storage will become an emergency backup for domestic enterprises, maintain normal operation, and reduce electricity consumption
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